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今天南京朗阁小编带大家回顾一下前天的雅思考试，下次要考试的同学可以看一下哦，希望大家可以取得好成绩。 P1 慢食物 P2 Stealth Forces in Weight Loss P3 Man or Machine 朗阁教师孙景楠点评 1. 本次考试难度中等偏下。 2. 整体分析：涉及文化类(P1)、健康类(P2)、科学研究类(P3)。 本场考试题型与前一场考试稍有变化，配对题型增多，第一篇为常见题型搭配(判断题与填空及问答，题型定位难度不大，线索明显，逻辑思路清晰;第二篇文章难度一般，三题型搭配(填空+句子完成匹配+人名匹配);第三篇难度较大，话题比较陌生，共三个题型(人名+匹配+问答)，但因为文章议论题材，较难理解，灵活运用技巧，能有效提高效率。 3. 主要题型：本次考试配对题型比例较高，且判断填空较少，所以对理解能力及基础较弱的同学是一个考验，可能会出现时间紧张不够用的问题。 4. 文章分析：第一篇文章主要主要是讲慢食物这个概念的由来及发展; 第二篇文章讲述人们在减肥时科学研究得出的各种动力来源及效果; 第三篇介绍科学研究人工及机器的各自特点; 5. 部分答案及参考文章： Passage 1： 题型：判断+填空+问答 文章待补充 Passage 2： 题型：填空+人名观点+句子完成 The field of weight loss is like the ancient fable about the blind men and the elephant. Each man investigates a different part of the animal and reports back, only to discover their findings are bafflingly incompatible. The various findings by public-health experts, physicians, psychologists, geneticists, molecular biologists, and nutritionists are about as similar as an elephant's tusk is to its tail Some say obesity is largely predetermined by our genes and biology; others attribute it to an overabundance of fries, soda, and screen-sucking; still others think we're fat because of viral infection, insulin, or the metabolic conditions we encountered in the womb. "Everyone subscribes to their own little theory," says Robert Berkowitz, medical director of the Center for Weight and Eating Disorders at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. We're programmed to hang onto the fat we have, and some people are predisposed to create and carry more fat than others. Diet and exercise help, but in the end the solution will inevitably be more complicated than pushing away the plate and going for a walk. "It's not as simple as 'You‘re fat because you're lazy" says Nikhil Dhurandhar, an associate professor at Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge. "Willpower is not a prerogative of thin people. It's distributed equally." Science may still be years away from giving us a miracle formula for fat-loss. Hormone leptin is a crucial player in the brain's weight-management circuitry. Some people produce too little leptin; others become desensitized to it. And when obese people lose weight, their leptin levels plummet along with their metabolism. The body becomes more efficient at using fuel and conserving fat, which makes it tough to keep the weight off. Obese dieters' bodies go into a state of chronic hunger, a feeling Rudolph Leibel, an obesity researcher at Columbia University, compares to thirst. "Some people might be able to tolerate chronic thirst, but the majority couldn't stand it,” says Leibel. "Is that a behavioral problem—a lack of willpower? I don't think so." The government has long espoused moderate daily exercise of the evening-walk or take-the-stairs variety—but that may not do much to budge the needle on the scale. A 150-pound person bums only 150 calories on a half-hour walk, the equivalent of two apples. It's good for the heart, less so for the gut. "Radical changes are necessary," says Deirdre Barrett, a psychologist at Harvard Medical School and author of Waistland "People don’t lose weight by choosing the small fries or taking a little walk every other day." Barrett suggests taking a cue from the members of the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), a self-selected group of more than 5,000 successful weight-losers who have shed an average of 66 pounds and kept it off 5.5 years. Some registry members lost weight using low-carb diets; some went low-fat; others eliminated refined foods. Some did it on their own; others relied on counseling. That said, not everyone can lose 66 pounds and not everyone needs to. The goal shouldn't be getting thin, but getting healthy. It's enough to whittle your weight down to the low end of your set range, says Jeffrey Friedman, a geneticist at Rockefeller University. Losing even 10 pounds vastly decreases your risk of diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure. The point is to not give up just because you don't look like a swimsuit model. The negotiation between your genes and the environment begins on day one. Your optimal weight, writ by genes, appears to get edited early on by conditions even before birth, inside the womb. If a woman has high blood-sugar levels while she's pregnant, her children are more likely to be overweight or obese, according to a study of almost 10,000 mother-child pairs. Maternal diabetes may influence a child's obesity risk through a process called metabolic imprinting, says Teresa Hillier, an endocrinologist with Kaiser Permanente's Center for Health Research and the study's lead author. The implication is clear: Weight may be established very early on, and obesity largely passed from mother to child. Numerous studies in both animals and humans have shown that a mother's obesity directly increases her child's risk for weight gain. The best advice for moms-to-be: Get fit before you get pregnant. You'll reduce your risk of complications during pregnancy and increase your chances of having a normal-weight child. It’s the $64,000 question：Which diets work? It got people wondering: Isn't there a better way to diet? A study seemed to offer an answer. The paper compared two groups of adults: those who, after eating, secreted high levels of insulin, a hormone that sweeps blood sugar out of the bloodstream and promotes its storage as fat, and those who secreted less. Within each group, were put on a low-fat diet and half on a tow-glycemic-toad diet. On average, the low-insulin-secreting group fared the same on both diets, losing nearly 10 pounds in the first six months — but they gained about half of it back by the end of the 18-month study. The high-insulin group didn't do as well on the low-fat plan, losing about 4.5 pounds, and gaining back more than half by the end. But the most successful were the high- insulin-secretors on the low-glycemic-load diet. They lost nearly 13 pounds and kept it off. What if your fat is caused not by diet or genes, but by germs—say, a virus? It sounds like a sci-fi horror movie, but research suggests some dimension of the obesity epidemic may be attributable to infection by common viruses, says Dhurandhar. The idea of "infect obesity" came to him 20 years ago when he was a young doctor treating obesity in Bombay. He discovered that a local avian virus, SMAM-1, caused chickens to die, sickened with organ damage but also, strangely, with lots of abdominal fat. In experiments, Dhurandhar found that SMAM-l-infected chickens became obese on the same diet as uninfected ones, which stayed svelte. He later moved to the U.S. and onto a bona fide human virus, adenovirus 36 (AD-36). In the lab, every species of animal Dhurandhar infected with the virus became obese—chickens got fat, mice got fat, even rhesus monkeys at the zoo that picked up the virus from the environment suddenly gained 15 percent of their body weight upon exposure. In his latest studies, Dhurandhar has isolated a gene that, when blocked from expressing itself, seems to turn off the virus's fattening power. Stem cells extracted from fat cells and then exposed to AD-36 reliably blossom into fat cells—but when stem cells are exposed to an AD-36 virus with the key gene inhibited, the stems cells don't differentiate. The gene appears to be necessary and sufficient to trigger AD-36-related obesity, and the goal is to use the research to create a sort of obesity vaccine. Researchers have discovered 10 microbes so far that trigger obesity— seven of them viruses. It may be a long shot, but for people struggling desperately to be thin, even the possibility of an alternative cause of obesity offers some solace. "They feel better knowing there may be something beyond them that could be responsible，" says Dhurandhar. "The thought that there could be something besides what they've heard all their lives that they are greedy and lazy— helps." 14. 各种各样的减肥方式E 15. 测试了母亲和孩子的体重关系，发现母亲如果高血糖的话，孩子就更容易肥胖，但是这是可以治疗的，在孕期保持比较低的血糖就可以D 16. Relative Group的实验 C 17. 有人在减肥的过程中经过了illusion觉得饿B 18. G 19. C 20. F 人名理论配对题 21. 减肥没用，因为基因当中规定了体重范围C 22. 每天少量的运动没有用D 23. 减肥的目的不是更瘦，而是更健康。E 24. 主流的减肥方法都是more or less the same没有大的不同F 25. 关于减肥每个人都有自己的观点A-Robert Berkowitz 摘要填空题 第六个专家认为肥胖是由一种病毒造成，他之前在一个M打头的地方，对chickens 身上进行第一个实验。后来他搬家到美国，在那里他实验了一种新的病毒名字为 AD-36o他们的实验发现这种病毒没有办法杀死，但是可以让一种gene可以block病 毒的发展。他将来的研究方向是发明一种vaccine来抑制这种病毒。 Passage 3： 题型：人名观点+问答+句子完成匹配 A During July 2003, the Museum of Science in Cambridge, Massachusetts exhibited what Honda calls 'the world's most advanced humanoid robot', AS1MO (the Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility). Honda's brainchild is on tour in North America and delighting audiences wherever it goes. After 17 years in the making, ASIMO stands at four feet tall, weighs around 115 pounds and looks like a child in an astronaut's suit. Though it is difficult to see ASIMO's face at a distance, on closer inspection it has a smile and two large eyes' that conceal cameras. The robot cannot work autonomously - its actions are 'remote controlled' by scientists through the computer in its backpack. Yet watching ASMIO perform at a show in Massachusetts it seemed uncannily human. The audience cheered as ASIMO walked forwards and backwards, side to side and up and downstairs. After the show, a number of people told me that they would like robots to play more of a role in daily life - one even said that the robot would be like 'another person'. B While the Japanese have made huge strides in solving some of the engineering problems of human kinetics (n.动力学) and bipedal (adj. 两足动物的)movements, for the past 10 years scientists at MIT's former Artificial Intelligence (Al) lab (recently renamed the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, CSAIL) have been making robots that can behave like humans and interact with humans. One of MITs robots, Kismet, is an anthropomorphic (adj.拟人的) head and has two eyes (complete with eyelids), ears, a mouth, and eyebrows. It has several facial expressions, including happy, sad, frightened and disgusted. Human interlocutors are able to read some of the robot's facial expressions, and often change their behavior towards the machine as a result - for example, playing with it when it appears ‘sad’. Kismet is now in MIT’s museum, but the ideas developed here continue to be explored in new robots. C Cog (short for Cognition) is another pioneering project from MIT’s former AI lab. Cog has a head, eyes, two arms, hands and a torso (n.躯干) - and its proportions were originally measured from the body of a researcher in the lab. The work on Cog has been used to test theories of embodiment and developmental robotics, particularly getting a robot to develop intelligence by responding to its environment via sensors, and to learn through these types of interactions. D MIT is getting furthest down the road to creating human-like and interactive robots. Some scientists argue that ASIMO is a great engineering feat but not an intelligent machine - because it is unable to interact autonomously with unpredictabilities in its environment in meaningful ways, and learn from experience. Robots like Cog and Kismet and new robots at MIT’s CSAIL and media lab, however, are beginning to do this. E These are exciting developments. Creating a machine that can walk, make gestures and learn from its environment is an amazing achievement. And watch this space: these achievements are likely rapidly to be improved upon. Humanoid robots could have a plethora of uses in society, helping to free people from everyday tasks. In japan, for example, there is an aim to create robots that can do the tasks similar to an average human, and also act in more sophisticated situations as firefighters, astronauts or medical assistants to the elderly in the workplace and in homes – partly in order to counterbalance the effects of an ageing population. F Such robots say much about the way in which we view humanity, and they bring out the best and worst of us. On one hand, these developments express human creativity - our ability to invent, experiment, and to extend our control over the world. On the other hand, the aim to create a robot like a human being is spurred on by dehumanized ideas - by the sense that human companionship can be substituted by machines; that humans lose their humanity when they interact with technology; or that we are little more than surface and ritual behaviors, that can be simulated with metal and electrical circuits. 考试预测 1. 2020年12月第一场考试，延续一贯风格，保持比较高比例的匹配题型，而配对题中又以人名观点及句子完成题为重点，考生应着重准备。在接下来考试中，出题风格可能会延续，但考生要注意有可能出现大量配对题型集中的情况，对阅读能力不足和没有足够刷题经验的考试着实是个考验。 2. 下场考试的话题可能有关教育类，科学类，发展史类。 3. 重点浏览2015年机经。 (责任编辑：jasmine) |
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