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上一周的雅思考试又结束啦，之后要考的同学可以看起来啦，考试之前把之前的真题过一下，祝大家取得好成绩哦。 P1测谎 Lie Detector P2猩猩文化 The Culture of Chimpanzee! P3植物如何传播种子 朗阁雅思阅读组教师刘恋点评 1.本场考试整体难度适中，第一及第二篇均为老题，其中第二篇涉及匹配和判断，难度较高;第三篇为新题，但好在话题属于科学类话题，不会过难。 2.整体点评：涉及社会类(P1)、动物类(P2)、植物类(P3)。 本次考试整体难度适中，判断，填空，选择，匹配都进行了考察，符合常规情况，所以考生在备考时应该全面掌握各个题型特点及组合策略。 3. 部分答案及参考文章： Passage 1：Lie Detector 题型：判断+单选+匹配 技巧分析：判断和单选是顺序题型，但不确定是否定位完全不重合还是有重合情况，为了避免重读文章浪费时间，需要大家同时带着两个题型的关键词，匹配是乱序题型，需随时关注所有关键词，平时加强同义转述词积累，才能提升定位灵敏度。 However much we may about it, deception comes naturally to all living things. Birds do it by feigning injury to lead hungry predators away from nesting young. Spider crabs do it by disguise: adorning themselves with strips of kelp and other debris, they pretend to be something they are not--and so escape their enemies. Nature amply rewards successful deceivers by allowing them to survive long enough to mate and reproduce. So it may come as no surprise to learn that human beings--who, according to psychologist Gerald Jellison of the University of South California, are lied to about 200 times a day, roughly one untruth every five minutes--often deceive for exactly the same reasons: to save their own skins or to get something they can't get by other means. But knowing how to catch deceit can be just as important a survival skill as knowing how to tell a lie and get away with it. A person able to spot falsehood quickly is unlikely to be swindled by an unscrupulous business associate or hoodwinked by a devious spouse. Luckily, nature provides more than enough clues to trap dissemblers in their own tangled webs--if you know where to look. By closely observing facial expressions, body language and tone of voice, practically anyone can recognize the telltale signs of lying. Researchers are even programming computers--like those used on Lie Detector--to get at the truth by analyzing the same physical cues available to the naked eye and ear. "With the proper training, many people can learn to reliably detect lies," says Paul Ekman, professor of psychology at the University of California, San Francisco, who has spent the past 15 years studying the secret art of deception. In order to know what kind of lies work best, successful liars need to accurately assess other people's emotional states. Ekman's research shows that this same emotional intelligence is essential for good lie detectors, too. The emotional state to watch out for is stress, the conflict most liars feel between the truth and what they actually say and do. Even high-tech lie detectors don't detect lies as such; they merely detect the physical cues of emotions, which may or may not correspond to what the person being tested is saying. Polygraphs, for instance, measure respiration, heart rate and skin conductivity, which tend to increase when people are nervous--as they usually are when lying. Nervous people typically perspire, and the salts contained in perspiration conduct electricity. That's why a sudden leap in skin conductivity indicates nervousness--about getting caught, perhaps?--which might, in turn, suggest that someone is being economical with the truth. On the other hand, it might also mean that the lights in the television studio are too hot--which is one reason polygraph tests are inadmissible in court. "Good lie detectors don't rely on a single sign," Ekman says, "but interpret clusters of verbal and nonverbal clues that suggest someone might be lying." Those clues are written all over the face. Because the musculature of the face is directly connected to the areas of the brain that process emotion, the countenance can be a window to the soul. Neurological studies even suggest that genuine emotions travel different pathways through the brain than insincere ones. If a patient paralyzed by stroke on one side of the face, for example, is asked to smile deliberately, only the mobile side of the mouth is raised. But tell that same person a funny joke, and the patient breaks into a full and spontaneous smile. Very few people--most notably, actors and politicians--are able to consciously control all of their facial expressions. Lies can often be caught when the liar's true feelings briefly leak through the mask of deception. "We don't think before we feel," Ekman says. "Expressions tend to show up on the face before we're even conscious of experiencing an emotion." One of the most difficult facial expressions to fake--or conceal, if it is genuinely felt--is sadness. When someone is truly sad, the forehead wrinkles with grief and the inner corners of the eyebrows are pulled up. Fewer than 15% of the people Ekman tested were able to produce this eyebrow movement voluntarily. By contrast, the lowering of the eyebrows associated with an angry scowl can be replicated at will by almost everybody. "If someone claims they are sad and the inner corners of their eyebrows don't go up," Ekman says, "the sadness is probably false." The smile, on the other hand, is one of the easiest facial expressions to counterfeit. It takes just two muscles--the zygomaticus major muscles that extend from the cheekbones to the corners of the lips--to produce a grin. But there's a catch. A genuine smile affects not only the corners of the lips but also the orbicularis oculi, the muscle around the eye that produces the distinctive "crow's-feet" associated with people who laugh a lot. A counterfeit grin can be unmasked if the lip corners go up, the eyes crinkle but the inner corners of the eyebrows are not lowered, a movement controlled by the orbicularis oculi that is difficult to fake. The absence of lowered eyebrows is one reason why false smiles look so strained and stiff. NE: Questions 1-5 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1 in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the information NO if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 1. All living animals can lie. 2. Some people tell lies for self-preservation. 3. The fact of lying is more important than detecting one. 4. Researchers are using equipment to study which part of the brain is responsible for telling lies. 5. To be a good liar, one has to understand other people's emotions. Questions 6-9 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letters in box б-9 on your answer sheet. 6. How does a lie-detector work? A. It analyzes one's verbal response to a question. B. It records the changes in one's facial expression. C. It illustrates the reasons about the emotional change when one is tested. D. It monitors several physical reactions in the person undergoing the test. 7. Why couldn't lie detectors be used in a court of law? A. because the nonverbal clues are misleading. B. because there could be other causes of a certain change in the equipment. C. because the lights are too hot. D. because the statistic data on the lie detectors are not accurate. 8. The writer quotes from the paralyzed patients A to exemplify people's response to true feelings. B. to show the pathways for patients to recover. C. to demonstrate the paralyzed patient's ability to smile. D. to emphasize that the patient is in a state of strike. 9. According to the passage, politicians A. can express themselves clearly. B. are good at masking their emotions. C. ac conscious of the surroundings. D. can think before action. Questions 10-13 Classify the following facial traits as referring to A. Happiness B. Anger C. Sadness Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. 10. Lines formed above eyebrows 11. Movement from muscle that orbits the eye 12. Eyebrows down 13. Inner corner of eyebrows raised 参考答案： 1. YES 2. YES 3. NOT GIVEN 4. NO 5. YES 6-9 待回忆 10. A 11. B 12. C 13. A Passage 2： The Culture of Chimpanzee 题型：配对+判断+填空 技巧分析：判断和填空是顺序题型，但不确定是否定位完全不重合还是有重合情况，为了避免重读文章浪费时间，需要大家同时带着两个题型的关键词，匹配是乱序题型，需随时关注所有关键词，平时加强同义转述词积累，才能提升灵敏度。 A The similarities between chimpanzees and humans have been studied for years, but in the past decade researchers have determined that these resemblances run much deeper than anyone first thought. For instance, the nut cracking observed in the Ta? Forest is far from a simple chimpanzee behavior; rather it is a singular adaptation found only in that particular part of Africa and a trait that biologists consider to be an expression of chimpanzee culture. Scientists frequently use the term "culture" tc describe elementary animal behaviors- such as the regional dialects of different populations of songbirds-but as it turns out, the rich and varied cultural traditions found among chimpanzees are second in complexity only to human traditions. B During the past two years, an unprecedented scientific collaboration, involving every major research group studying chimpanzees, has documented a multitude of distinct cultural patterns extending across Africa, in actions ranging from the animals' use of tools to their forms of communication and social customs. This emerging picture of chimpanzees not only affects how we think of these amazing creatures but also alters human beings conception of our own uniqueness and hints at ancient foundations for extraordinary capacity for culture. C Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes have coexisted for hundreds of millennia and share more than 98 percent of their genetic material, yet only 40 years ago we still knew next to nothing about chimpanzee behavior in the wild. That began to change in the 1960s, when Toshisada Nishida of Kyoto University in Japan and Jane Goodall began their studies of wild chimpanzees at two field sites in Tanzania. (Goodall's research station at Gombe-the first of its kind-is more famous, but Nishida's site at Mahale is the second oldest chimpanzee research site in the world.) D In these initial studies, as the chimpanzees became accustomed to close observation, the remarkable discoveries began. Researchers witnessed a range of unexpected behaviors, including fashioning and using tools, hunting, meat eating, food sharing and lethal fights between members of neighboring communities. E As early as 1973, Goodall recorded 13 forms of tool use as well as eight social activities that appeared to differ between the Gombe chimpanzees and chimpanzee populations elsewhere. She ventured that some variations had what she termed a cultural origin. But what exactly did Goodall mean by "culture"? According to the Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary, culture is defined as "the customs and achievements of a particular time or people." The diversity of human cultures extends from technological variations to marriage rituals, from culinary habits to myths and legends. Animals do not have myths and legends, of course. But they do have the capacity to pass on behavioral traits from generation to generation, not through their genes but by learning. For biologists, this is the fundamental criterion for a cultural trait: it must be something that can be learned by observing the established skills of others and thus passed on to future generations F What of the implications for chimpanzees themselves? We must highlight the tragic loss of chimpanzees, whose populations are being decimated just when we are at last coming to appreciate these astonishing animals more completely. Populations have plummeted in the past century and continue to fall as a result of illegal trapping, logging and, most recently, the bushmeat trade. The latter is particularly alarming: logging has driven roadways into the forests that are now used to ship wild-animal meat-including chimpanzee meat-to consumers as far afield as Europe. Such destruction threatens not only the animals themselves but also a host of fascinatingly different ape cultures. G Perhaps the cultural richness of the ape may yet help in its salvation, however. Some conservation efforts have already altered the attitudes of some local people. A few organizations have begun to show videotapes illustrating the cognitive prowess of chimpanzees. One Zairian viewer was heard to exclaim, "Ah, this ape is so like me, I can no longer eat him. " H How an international team of chimpanzee experts conducted the most comprehensive survey of the animals ever attempted. Scientists have been investigating chimpanzee culture for several decades, but too often their studies contained a crucial flaw. Most attempts to document cultural diversity among chimpanzees have relied solely on officially published accounts of the behaviors recorded at each research site. But this approach probably overlooks a good deal of cultural variation for three reasons. I First, scientists typically don't publish an extensive list of all the activities they do not see at a particular location. Yet this is exactly what we need to know-which behaviors were and were not observed at each site. Second, many reports describe chimpanzee behaviors without saying how common they are; with- out this information, we can't determine whether a particular action was a once-in-a-lifetime aberration or a routine event that should be considered part of the animals' culture. Finally, researchers ' descriptions of potentially significant chimpanzee behaviors frequently lack sufficient detail, making it difficult for scientists working at other spots to record the presence or absence of the activities. J To remedy these problems, the two of us decided to take a new approach. We asked field researchers at each site for a list of all the behaviors they suspected were local traditions. With this information in hand, we pulled together a comprehensive list of 65 candidates for cultural behaviors. K Then we distributed our list to the team leaders at each site. In consultation with their colleagues, they classified each behavior in terms of its occurrence or absence in the chimpanzee community studied. The key categories were customary behavior (occurs in most or all of the able-bodied members of at least one age or sex class, such as all adult males), habitual (less common than customary but occurs repeatedly in several individuals), present (seen at the site but not habitual), absent (never seen), and unknown. 参考题目: Questions 14-18 Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-K, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet. 14. A problem of researchers on chimpanzee culture which are only based on official sources. 15. Design a new system by two scientists aims to solve the problem. 16. Reasons why previous research on ape culture is problematic. 17. Classification of data observed or collected. 18. An example that showing tragic outcome of animals leading to indication of change in local people s attitude in preservation Questions 19-23 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 19. Research found that chimpanzees will possess the same complex culture as human. 20. Human and apes ancestors lived together long ago and share most of their genetic substance. 21. Jane Goodall's observed many surprising features of complex behaviors among chimpanzees . 22. Chimpanzees, like human, deliver cultural behaviors mostly from genetic inheritance. 23. For decades, researchers have investigated chimpanzees by data obtained from both unobserved and observed approaches. Questions 24-27 Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. 24. When the unexpected discoveries of chimpanzee behavior start? 25. Which country is the researching site of Toshisada Nishida and Jane Goodall? 26. What did the chimpanzee have to get used to in the initial study? 27. What term can depict it that Jane Goodall found the chimpanzee used tool in 1973? 参考答案： 14. H 15. J 16. I 17. K 18. G 19. NOT GIVEN 20. TRUE 21. TRUE 22. FALSE 23. FALSE 24. in the 1960s 25. Tanzania 26. (close) observation/observers 27. (a) culture origin Passage 3：植物如何传播种子 题型及数量：待补充 题目及答案：待补充 考试预测： 1. 建议大家五种题型做全面备考，基础薄弱的同学优先掌握顺序题型，填空，判断和选择。乱序题匹配需要大家具备更强的对同义转述表达的灵敏度。Heading题需要大家把握段落逻辑。 2. 下场考试的话题可能有关历史类，社会类和管理类。 3. 重点浏览2014到2018年机经。 (责任编辑：jasmine) |
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