一、不定式、动名词作宾语的四种情况
不定式、动名词作宾语情况复杂多变,不少学习者感到颇为闹心。它们是各类考试的重心,也是中国学生丢分的重灾区。其症结在于考生拿不准到底哪些动词必须以动名词作宾语;哪些动词必须以不定式作宾语;有些动词既可以动名词宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,意思基本不变;有些动词既可以动名词宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,意思却不同?
口诀1:有些动词须以动名词宾语,它们可用;MP\4r\ café\ disk来记,即宪兵带着4把手枪在咖啡馆里看光盘(把字母r想象成手枪)。
"M"指mind, miss, mention
例:When I mention playing football, he says he's too busy.
"P"指prevent, permit, postpone, pardon, practice
例:We don't permit smoking in the office.
"4R"指risk, resist, resent,resume
例:Informing the truth risks destroying the patients hope.
"c" 指consider, contemplate
例:I don't contemplate (预料) him opposing my plan.
"a"指admit, avoid, appreciate, anticipate
例:We anticipate deriving much instruction from the lecture.
"f"指face, fancy, finish
"e"指excuse, enjoy, escape
例:He escaped being punished.
"d"指delay, defer, deny, dispute(不同意), detest(痛恨)
"i"指imagine, involve
"s"指suggest
"k"指keep
口诀2:有些动词必须以不定式作宾语,它们是:三w 、h c ,五a着四d 、p, 一r m二l、b, 接不定式o, u, e。
它包括了三个以w开头的单词,三个以h开头的单词,三个以c开头的单词,五个以a开头的单词,分别以d 、p开头的单词各四个,分别以l、b开头的单词各两个,分别以r, m, o, u, e开头的单词各一个。
注:3 w、 hc是want, wish, wait和 hope , help, hesitate以及care, choose, consent
例:He hesitated to buy the coat.
"二l、b"是learn, long:和beg, bear.
例:I cant bear him to deceive me.
I long to go abroad.
"五a"是: agree, ask., afford, arrange, attempt
"四d"是dare , demand, determine, decide,
"四p"是 plan, pretend, promise, prepare
以r, m, o, u, e开头的五个单词分别是refuse ,manage ,offer, undertake, expect
口诀3:有16个动词既可以动名词宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,意思基本不变。因为接动名词、不定式均可,情况又变得简单起来,只需记住一句话就行,即:双方一旦开始(begin, start, ),无论喜欢(like, prefer )与否(hate, dislike),都得继续(continue)下去。都不能打算(intend,attempt, propose)忽视(neglect)开始(commence)的爱(love)。习惯(be accustom to)也好,害怕(afraid to do \ of doing)也好,难以容忍( cant bear)也好。(参见Michael Swan:《英语用法指南》第339条)
例:He is accustom to work \to working hard.
口诀4:有9个动词既可以动名词作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,意思却不同:remember、forget, try、mean、stop、regret,want、 need、require 。
注:remember to do sth.指记住(别忘记)要做某事,remember doing sth.记得(回忆起)曾做过某事;forget to do sth指忘了要做某事,forget doing sth.忘了要做某事;try to do sth指试图做某事,try doing sth.试试看(试过);mean to do sth指打算,有意图,mean doing sth.意味着,就是;stop to do sth停下来做某事,此为目的状语,stop doing sth.停止做某事。Regret to do sth对现在要发生的事表示遗憾;,regret doing sth.对发生过的事表示;后悔。want to do sth指希望,想要;want doing sth.需要,该;need\ require to do sth都是需要require\need doing sth.该都是动名词主动式表示被动。因这9个单词既可接不定式,又可接动名词,我们比之为九条两头蛇。
二、时态一致原则
英语时态一致也叫时态呼应。指在复合句中某些从句(主要是宾语从句等名词从句)谓语动词的时态往往受主句谓语动词的时态的影响,因此,须持主从两部分从句中的时态一致。这对许多中国学生来说,又是一道八卦阵。主句谓语动词是现在时或将来时,从句谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。主句谓语动词是过去时,从句谓语动词一般用过去时。情况可分5种:
口诀5:一般/进行时间同,后主将来先完成。真理不受时间限,具体时间过去从。
注:一般/进行时间同,指从句用了一般过去时或过去进行时,表示从句与主句的谓语动词的动作同时发生。如:I explained to them my friend knew no French. He wondered what the boys were doing there.
后主将来指从句谓语动词的动作;后于主句谓语动词的动作,从句须用过去将来时;先完成指从句谓语动词的动作先于主句谓语动词的动作,从句须用过去完成时。如:The Swede was warned that Napoleon would probably ask him 3 questions. I asked him where he had been.
真理不受时间限指如从句表述的是客观真理,即便是主句用的是过去时,从句仍用一般现在时。例:Copernicus discovered that Earth revolves around the sun.
具体时间过去从指从句中有具体的时间状语,从句要用一般过去时,即便是从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前也如此。如: She said she was born in 1980.
在引导定语从句的关系代词中,who指人,which指物,that既可指人也可指物。指人时who比that用的多一些,指物时which比that用的多一些。什么时候一定用that呢?这是学习者必须要解决的问题。
口诀6:锁定 that
The only, the very,The same, no 、any, 两项并列人与物,不定、序数、 高级。
注:前两句指先行词前有The only, the very, the same, no , any修饰时,引导定语从句的关系代词一定用that。例:Thats the only thing that we can do at the moment.
两项并列人与物,指先行词为两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的词时,引导定语从句的关系代词一定用that。例:They talked about the countries and people that they had visited
不定、序数、 高级指先行词是不定代词时,或先行词前有序数词或 高级修饰时,引导定语从句的关系代词一定用that。
例:Is there anything ( that ) I can do for you?
The best materials that you should recite are your texts.
口诀7:锁定Whether
主语从句用Whether,宾语从句or not,不定式前介词后,取代if别条件。
例:Whether there;ll be seats left it is doubtful.
It depends on whether he is ready.
口诀8:祝愿句、感叹句,only 、so 、 as;开始为副词,否定句首时。
注:倒装句是将谓语的一部分或全部置于主语之前。在only 、so 、 as 中,only指only所修饰的副词、介词短语、状语从句放在句首时,形成倒装。如:Only then did I know the importance of learning English .
so指在以so开头的句子中,表示一种情况也适应于另一人或物。如:You can keep the secret, so can I.
(如后面的句子单纯重复前一句子,则不倒装。如:It;s cold today, so it is.)
as指当 as作虽然解的让步状语从句中,造成倒装。如:Child as she is, she knows a lot about the world.
开始为副词指以here, there, then, now或out, up, down, away等开头的句子,这种倒装多见于描述性的文体。如:There comes a bus. Out rushed a train from the cave.
否定句首时指否定副词或否定连词置于句首时。如:Not until you told me did I know the fact. Not only can he speak English but also his daughter.
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