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托福口语点睛之把握阅读节奏(下)

时间:2015-03-27 16:47来源:朗阁小编作者:allen

 

 

朗阁海外考试研究中心  崔明媛

 

新托福口语考试若想拿到第三题和第四题的满分,除了听力和口语复述之外,考生需要强加练习的就是对阅读段落的把握。在有限的时间之内把握阅读材料的重点信息是个不小的挑战,尤其是第四题的阅读材料是让许多考生有了不小的挫败感。上一篇我们给大家讲解了第三题如何把握阅读节奏,今天我们来继续讲解托福口语考试第四题的材料阅读方法。

 

三、把握阅读节奏之第四题

 

第四题属于学术场景,阅读材料是关于一个学术名词的解释。这个学术名词或是某种现象,亦或是某种做法,专业涉及心理学、商业、社会学、艺术等。与第三题不同的是,本题的阅读段落并没有第三题那么固定,所以在找得分点方面给我们增加了难度,阅读速度也因此会受到影响。不过主旨句(也就是对专有名词的解释)总归有它的特点,我们大致可以把主旨句分为三种情况。

 

种情况是要解释的学术名词首次完整在段落中出现的一句话就是主旨句,就是对这个名词的解释。所以我们拿到阅读段落的时候应该首先快速扫描学术名词,次出现这个名词的那一句就是对这个词的解释。比如下面一个例子:

 

The Establishing Shot

Film directors use different types of camera shots for specific purposes. An establishing shot is an image shown briefly at the beginning of a scene, usually taken from far away. That is used to provide context for the rest of the scene. One purpose of the establishing shot is to communicate back ground information to the viewer, such as setting--where and when the rest of the scene will occur. It also establishes the mood feeling of the scene. Due to the context that the establishing shot provides, the characters and events that are shown next are better understood by the viewer.

 

本段落要解释的名词是establishing shot,所以我们快速在文中找这个学术名词首次完整出现的句子。很快我们就能定位第二句符合这个规则,那么接下来就要放慢速度阅读理解这句话的意思。通过阅读我们能判定这就话就是主旨句,所以应该快速记下相应的笔记。

 

当然,很多时候我们发现主旨句并不是这个学术名词次出现的句子;相反地,它们次出现的句子是一个概括性的,导入性的句子,那么这个时候我们就应该判断这属于第二种情况,就是主旨句出现在导入性句子的后面,比如:

 

Entertainment Merchandising

An effective, widely used marketing practice in the entertainment industry is entertainment merchandising. Entertainment merchandising is a form of marketing in which the brand or image from one product is also used to sell another. The practice of entertainment merchandising often occurs in connection with movies and television shows, especially those associated with children. For example, the success of a popular children’s television show may result in the marketing of toys that are designed to look like characters in the show. Or the situation may be reversed when a children’s television show is written to include characters that are based on already-popular toys.

 

我们通过种方法能快速定位到句是这个学术名词首次完整出现的句子,但是通过阅读我们发现这句话并没有解释什么是entertainment merchandising, 而是说有一种做法叫做entertainment merchandising, 所以我们知道了这句话只起一个导入性的作用。那么接下来我们就抓紧看下一句,通常下一句就是对这个名词的解释。而通过阅读我们发现第二句就正好解释了这个词的意思,所以应该快速记下笔记。

 

当然,有时候除了上述情况,我们还能碰到第三种情况:我们找到的学术名词次出现的一句话既不是主旨句也不是导入性的句子,而是一个总结性的句子。这些句子的标志语往往是this is known/seen/referred to as xxx, this is what we call xxx, these behaviors are xxx等。比如下面这个例子:

 

Comfort Zone Bias

Psychologists have found that when people make important decision, they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”; that is, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones. This tendency is often referred to as the comfort zone bias. When people are reasonably content, they often decide not to pursue a new opportunity, even if it attracts them and offers more advantages. Psychologists believe that the comfort zone bias exists not only because we have a natural preference for what we already know, but also because we want to avoid taking risks.

 

这个段落中我们能快速定位到第四行,也就是第二句‘This tendency is often referred to as the comfort zone bias’是学术名词comfort zone bias首次完整出现的一句,但是我们知道这一句并不是解释,而是总结说“这种趋势”叫做comfort zone bias,这时我们就要去前面找“这种趋势”究竟是哪种趋势。所以我们往前读一句,发现when people make important decision, they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”; that is, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones就是本文的主旨句。

 

朗阁海外考试研究中心的研究总结了大量的真题,发现第四题的阅读基本都适用这三种情况,所以考生们可以按照这种方法提高阅读速度。接下来,找完主旨句,我们就需要判断还有没有其他得分点需要记。与第三题的阅读不同,第四题的阅读不一定都有两个原因或目的这样的细节可以记,所以考生要自己判断是否有这样的内容。比如刚才我们举过的establishing shot的例子,文章中有很明显的标志词one purpose和also,所以我们立即就能决定记下这两个点。而像另外两篇文章,我们并不能立即发现有特点的细节,所以考生只能快速阅读剩下的句子。在这里我们需要注意的是,第四题如果想拿,对阅读文章的精确概括十分重要。除了主旨句应该记哪些内容而不记哪些内容十分考验考生的能力,所以关于第四题的阅读材料笔记内容老师会另外讨论,不在这里详细解释了。

 

而关于主旨句的记录,许多同学不确定在找出主旨句之后应该记哪些词不记哪些词。我们先来看看两个例子。

 

  1. An establishing shot is an image shown briefly at the beginning of a scene, usually taken from far away.

本句是文章的主旨句,我们发现它其实不算长,所以这种情况我们直接记全句。记全句的好处就是在你看不懂的前提下证你在复述的时候拿到一定的分数。

 

  1. Psychologists have found that when people make important decision, they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”; that is, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones. This tendency is often referred to as the comfort zone bias.

这个例子里主旨句太长,我们不可能全都记下来,所以只需要记有用的内容,一些“虚词”和重复的内容都可以省略。比如,Psychologists have found that只是起一个导入的作用,真正重要的是心理学家发现了什么,所以这几个词是空话,是废话,所以我们不记。接下来,文章对they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”做出了解释,也就是they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones,所以这两句意思一样,我们只记后一句具体的解释,所以目前我们需要记的就是when people make important decision, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones。学过语法和逻辑的同学知道,rather than表示这个词组之前的内容重要而之后的内容不重要,所以我们没有时间的话就可以省略rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones这些内容。这么一来,我们 终需要记录的就只剩下when people make important decision, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations,我们的任务就简单多了,复述起来也不浪费时间了。

 

以上我们讨论的这些技巧都需要考生们多做练习,只有不断练习这些技巧才能真正提高阅读速度,把握文章重点,在考试时才能沉着冷静地记录好阅读文章的内容,复述时才能省时省事还能。

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