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Reading：【课文要点】讲操作性条件反射理论( operant conditioning)。行为不是先天的或由发射物激发所致，而是后天习得。在具体的行为后如果能提供令人满意的结果，会激发这种行为发生的频率。 Listening:【教授举例】学生Johnny总是打扰老师授课，不举手就回答问题。老师就缩短他的玩乐时间以示惩罚。后来发现他举手回答问题了，老师就表扬他，对他微笑，后来Johnny就成为好孩子了。 Sample answer: The reading passage explains a definition of operant conditioning. It states that negative criticism will make children stop from doing something bad while positive encouragement can let children do something repeatedly. In the listening passage, the professor gives an example to illustrate this. A child named Johnny always interrupted the professor ' s lecture by answering questions without raising his hand. The professor punished him by taking his play time out, so he changed his behavior in order to avoid the punishment. He would raise his hand whenever he wanted to answer questions. Then the teacher let him answer questions, smiled and praised him. Finally, Johnny became a child with good manners. By these means, he proves that a behavior will increase if it is followed by positive encouragement; it will decrease if it is followed by punishment. Operant Conditioning Description A behavior will increase if it is followed by positive reinforcement. It will decrease if it is followed by punishment. Operant Conditioning is thus 'learning by consequences' . Research Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed. From accidental knocking of the lever, they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get food. (责任编辑：admin) |
