|
7月23日雅思考试阅读回顾
P1 Traditional farming system in Africa非洲农业 V100717
P2 Finding our way 导航 V100529
P3 迁徙与语言
朗阁讲师徐航点评
1. 本次考试难度中等。
2. 整体分析： 三篇为旧题。涉及农业（P1）、研究类（P2）、语言类（P3）.
3. 主流题型：配对和单选比重很大；判断题出现在三篇文章；填空题考察句子填空，P3 后有句子完成配对。
4. P1
Traditional Farming System in Africa 原文阅读
A By tradition land in Luapula is not owned by individuals, but as in many other parts of Africa is allocated by the headman or headwoman of a village to people of either sex, according to need. Since land is generally prepared by hand, one ulupwa cannot take on a very large area; in this sense land has not been a limiting resource over large parts of the province. The situation has already changed near the main townships, and there has long been a scarcity of land for cultivation in the Valley. In these areas registered ownership patterns are becoming prevalent.
B Most of the traditional cropping in Luapula, as in the Bemba area to the east, is based on citemene, a system whereby crops are grown on the ashes of tree branches. As a rule, entire trees are not felled, but are pollarded so that they can regenerate. Branches are cut over an area of varying size early in the dry season, and stacked to dry over a rough circle about a fifth to a tenth of the pollarded area. The wood is fired before the rains and in the first year planted with the African cereal finger millet (Eleusine coracana).
C During the second season, and possibly for a few seasons more the area is planted to variously mixed combinations of annuals such as maize, pumpkins (Telfiria occidentalis) and other cucurbits, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, Phaseolus beans and various leafy vegetables, grown with a certain amount of rotation. The diverse sequence ends with vegetable cassava, which is often planted into the developing last-but-one crop as a relay.
D Richards (1969) observed that the practice of citemene entails a definite division of labour between men and women. A man stakes out a plot in an unobtrusive manner, since it is considered provocative towards one’s neighboursto mark boundaries in an explicit way. The dangerous work of felling branches is the men’s province, and involves much pride. Branches are stacke by the women, and fired by the men. Formerly women and men cooperated in the planting work, but the harvesting was always done by the women. At the beginning of the cycle little weeding is necessary, since the firing of the branches effectively destroys weeds. As the cycle progresses weeds increase and nutrients eventually become depleted to a point where furthereffort with annual crops is judged to be not worthwhile: at this point the cassava is planted, since it can produce a crop on nearly exhausted soil. Thereafter the plot is abandoned, and a new area pollarded for the next citemene cycle.
E When forest is not available -this is increasingly the case nowadays -various ridging systems (ibala)are built on small areas, to be planted with combinations of maize, beans, groundnuts and sweet potatoes, usually relayed with cassava. These plots are usually tended by women, and provide subsistence. Where their roots have year-round access to water tables mango, guava and oil-palm trees often grow around houses, forming a traditional agroforestry system. In season some of the fruit is sold by the roadside or in local markets.
F The margins of dambos are sometimes planted to local varieties of rice during the rainy season, and
areas adjacent to vegetables irrigated with water from the dambo during the dry season. The extent of cultivation is very limited, no doubt because the growing of crops under dambo conditions calls for a great deal of skill. Near towns some of the vegetable produce is sold in local markets.
G Fishing has long provided a much needed protein supplement to the diet of Luapulans, as well as being the one substantial source of cash. Much fish is dried for sale to areas away from the main waterways. The Mweru and Bangweulu Lake Basins are the main areas of year-round fishing, but the Luapula River is also exploited during the latter part of the dry season. Several previously abundant and desirable species, such as the Luapula salmon or mpumbu (Labeo altivelis) andpale (Sarotherodon machochir) have all but disappeared from Lake Mweru, apparently due to mismanagement.
H Fishing has alwaysbeen a far more remunerative activity in Luapula that crop husbandry. A fisherman may earn more in a week than a bean or maize grower in a whole season. I sometimes heard claims that the relatively high earnings to be obtained from fishing induced an ‘easy come, easy go’ outlook among Luapulan men. On the other hand, someone who secures good but erratic earnings may feel that their investment in an economically productive activity is not worthwhile because Luapulans fail to cooperate well in such activities. Besides, a fisherman with spare cash will find little in the way of working equipment to spend his money on. Better spend one’s money in the bars and have a good time!
I Only small numbers of cattle or oxen are kept in the province owing to the prevalence of the tsetse fly. For the few herds, the dambos provide subsistence grazing during the dry season. The absence of animal draft power greatly limits peoples’ ability to plough and cultivate land: a married couple can rarely manage to prepare by hand-hoeing. Most people keep freely roaming chickens and goats. These act as a reserve for bartering, but may also be occasionally slaughtered for ceremonies or for entertaining important visitors. These animals are not a regular part of most peoples’ diet.
J Citemene has been an ingenious system for providing people with seasonal production of high quality cereals and vegetables in regions of acid, heavily leached soils. Nutritionally, the most serious deficiency was that of protein. This could at times be alleviated when fish was available, provided that cultivators lived near the Valley and could find the means of bartering for dried fish. The citemene/fishing system was well adapted to the ecology of the miombo regions and sustainable for long periods, butonly as long as human population densities stayed at low levels. Although population densities are still much lower than in several countries of South-East Asia, neither the fisheries nor the forests and woodlands of Luapula are capable, with unmodified traditional practices, of supporting the people in a sustainable manner.
Overall, people must learn to intensify and diversify their productive systems while yet ensuring that these systems will remain productive in the future, when even more people will need food. Increasing overall production of food, though a vast challenge in itself, will not be enough, however. At the same time storage and distribution systems must allow everyone access to at least a moderate share of the total
Questions 1-4
Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 1.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDSfrom the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1 In Luapula land allocation is in accordance with need
2 The citemene system provides the land with (the) asheswhere crops are planted.
3 During the second season, the last planted crop is (vegetable) cassava
4 Under suitable conditions, fruit trees are planted near houses
Questions 5-8
Classify the following items with the correct description.
Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.
A fish
B oxen
C goats
5 be used in some unusual occasions, such as celebrations. C
6 cannot thrive for being affected by the pests. B
7 be the largest part of creating profit. A
8 be sold beyond the local area. A
Questions 9-12
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSEif the statement contradicts the information
NOT GVENif there is no information on this
9 People rarely use animals to cultivate land. TRUE
10 When it is a busy time, children usually took part in the labor force. NOT GIVEN
11 The local residents eat goats on a regular time. FALSE
12 Though citemene has been a sophisticated system, it could not provide enough protein. TRUE
Questions 13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in the box 13 on your answer sheet.
What is the writer’s opinion about the traditional ways of practices? B
A They can supply the nutrition that people need.
B They are not capable of providing adequate support to the population.
C They are productive systems that need no more improving.
D They will be easily modified in the future.
句子填空; 分类题；判断，单选
5. P2
Questions 14-18
Use the information in the passage to match the category of each navigation method (listed A-C) with correct statement. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 14-18on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once
A Guidance
B Path integration.
C Route following
14 Using basic direction from starting point and light intensity to move on. B
15 Using combination of place and direction heading for destination. C
16 Using an iconic building near your destination as orientation. A
17 Using a retrace method from aknown place if a mistake happens. C
18 Using a passed spot as reference for a new integration. B
Questions 19-21
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.
19 What does the ant of Cataglyphis respond if it has been taken to another location according to the
passage?
A Changes the orientation sensors improvingly
B Releases biological scent for help from others
C Continues to move by the original orientation
D Totally gets lost once disturbed
20 Which of the followings is true about "cognitive map" in this passage?
A There is not obvious difference contrast by real map
B It exists in our head and is always correct
C It only exists under some cultures
D It was managed by brain memory
21 Which of following description of way findings correctly reflects the function of cognitive map?
A It visualizes a virtual route in a large scope
B It reproduces an exact details of every landmark
C Observation plays a more important role
D Store or supermarket is a must in the map
Questions 22-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, write
TRUEif the statement is true
FALSEif the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
22 Biological navigation has a state of flexibility. TRUE
23 You will always receive good reaction when you ask direction. NOT GIVEN
24 When someone follows a route, he or she collects comprehensive perceptional information in mind on the way. TRUE
25 Path integration requires more thought from brain compared with route-following. FALSE
26 In afamiliar surroundings, an exact map of where you are will automatically emerge in your head. FALSE
人名观点配对, 单选，判断
6. P3
文章大意：
人类迁徙语言和语言之间的联系Greenberg 的研究，把语言分成三类。理论发展和其他的意见。
Questions27-32 Matching 人名（美国大学教授）和观点配对
27. All the linguistic opposed to his findings because……
the Green’s data insufficient and the conclusion was limited
28. XX Campbell-Linguistic once who was
against going thousands of year back to study languages
29. Linguistic, the one who…
said that language are not related to basic genetics.
30. XX linguistic who---did not attempt this method
31. XXX---languages are related to each other based on genetics.
32. The mother tongue and opposed ones, ---had a number of similar words, sound units and segment.
Questions33-34
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 33-34on your answer sheet, write
TRUEif the statement is true
FALSEif the statement is false
NOT GIVENif the information is not given in the passage
33. Linguistics had used astronomy for grouping language NOT GIVEN
34. Currently there is not enough interest in language research FALSE
35-40. 待补充
句子完成配对，判断
(仅供参考）
考试预测
1. 判断题的练习和思路分析很必要，可回顾错题。配对题有增多的趋势。下场考试注意段落细节配对，heading 题型要加强练习，下场考试中可能会出现。summary及相关的填空题型是一直以来的热门，也是考生的拿分点，注重的是词性分析能力，需加强训练。
预警小题型：句子完成配对，多选 。
2. 下场考试的话题可能有关商业类、文化类、科技类。
3. 重点浏览12年机经。
(责任编辑：admin) |
