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考试日期： |
2012年5月26日 |
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Reading Passage 1 |
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Title: |
Island Country in Pacific |
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Question types: |
True/False/Not Given; Summary; Short Answer Question |
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文章内容回顾 |
讲考古学研究的。大致的意思是：从库克船长环球航海引入，说他到了夏威夷群岛后发现当地土著讲的话是波利尼西亚人讲的语言，感觉非常惊奇，因为两个地方隔得很远。然后在一个岛上，考古学家和他的team找到了历史遗迹，里面有6个没有破损的pottery。记得T/F/NG有说这些pottery是用来煮东西吃的，但原文里面没有提到，所以选了NG。篇难度还行，题目跟文章都挺容易，不过段讲Captain Cook可能误导了很多烤鸭们。 |
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英文原文阅读 |
Cook's 12 years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to European knowledge of the area. Several islands such as Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) were encountered for the first time by Europeans, and his more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement.
To create accurate maps, latitude and longitude need to be known. Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a backstaff or quadrant. Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the earth. The Earth turns a full 360 degrees relative to the sun each day. Thus longitude corresponds to time: 15 degrees every hour, or 1 degree every 4 minutes.
Cook gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage due to his navigational skills, the help of astronomer Charles Green and by using the newly published Nautical Almanac tables, via the lunar distance method—measuring the angular distance from the moon to either the sun during daytime or one of eight bright stars during night-time to determine the time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the sun, moon, or stars. On his second voyage Cook used the K1 chronometer made by Larcum Kendall, which was the shape of a large pocket watch, 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter. It was a copy of the H4 clock made by John Harrison, which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship Deptford's journey to Jamaica, 1761–62.
Cook succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to scurvy, an unusual accomplishment at the time. He tested several preventive measures but the most important was frequent replenishment of fresh food. It was for presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society that he was presented with the Copley Medal in 1776.Ever the observer, Cook was the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific. He correctly concluded there was a relationship among all the people in the Pacific, despite their being separated by thousands of miles of ocean (see Malayo-Polynesian languages). Cook came up with the theory that Polynesians originated from Asia, which was later proved to be correct by scientist Bryan Sykes.[50] In New Zealand the coming of Cook is often used to signify the onset of colonisation.
Cook was accompanied on his voyages by many scientists, whose observations and discoveries added to the importance of the voyages.Joseph Banks, a botanist, went on the first voyage along with fellow botanist Daniel Solander from Sweden. Between them they collected over 3,000 plant species. Banks became one of the strongest promoters of the settlement of Australia by the British, based on his own personal observations.
There were also several artists on the first voyage. Sydney Parkinson was involved in many of the drawings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage. They were of immense scientific value to British botanists. Cook's second expedition included the artist William Hodges, who produced notable landscape paintings of Tahiti, Easter Island, and other locations.
A number of the junior officers who served under Cook went on to distinctive accomplishments of their own. William Bligh, Cook's sailing master, was given command of HMS Bounty in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with breadfruit. Bligh is most known for the mutiny of his crew which resulted in his being set adrift in 1789. He later became governor of New South Wales, where he was subject of another mutiny—the only successful armed takeover of an Australian colonial government. George Vancouver, one of Cook's midshipmen, later led a voyage of exploration to the Pacific Coast of North America from 1791 to 1794. In honour of his former commander, Vancouver's new ship was also christened Discovery. George Dixon sailed under Cook on his third expedition, and later commanded an expedition of his own.
His contributions to knowledge were internationally recognised during his lifetime. In 1779, while the American colonies were at war with Britain in their war for independence, Benjamin Franklin wrote to captains of American warships at sea, recommending that if they came into contact with Cook's vessel, they were to:
...not consider her an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects contained in her, nor obstruct her immediate return to England by detaining her or sending her into any other part of Europe or to America; but that you treat the said Captain Cook and his people with all civility and kindness,...as common friends to mankind.
Unknown to Franklin, Cook had met his death a month before this "passport" was written. |
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题型难度分析 |
题型难度组合非常简单，没有复杂的配对题。是非无判断题需要考生花一定的时间去定位信息。后面的两种配对类考题非常简单。定位非常简单，答案也非常明显。 |
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题型技巧分析 |
首先，从实践来说，无论是剑桥雅思的8本出版物剑1直至 新的剑8中我们所接触到的Summary题目，还是像笔者这样常年“以考带研”的培训界人士多次考场实践所遭遇到的Summary题目，都可以明确地传递这样的信息：摘要题的编写能够体现篇章的总体行文结构。虽然有时存在特定题空对其他题空构成所对应passage中具体信息点位置的“穿越”，但不会对实质上的in passage order造成巨大的干扰。唯一的整体例外是剑5 Test 3关于钢化玻璃的那篇Flawed Beauty。
实践中的体验来自于内在机制的运作。理论上讲，如果一个summary不能将哪怕是一部分的篇章结构和要点体现出来，它是没有理由被称为summary的。相对于原文因果倒置、主次不分、时间混乱的一段文字，不可能有效地达到概括的目的。其结果就是我们所往往碰到的题目顺序与行文结构一致的情形。
{结论} Summary总体是是有序的。 |
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