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1. 本次考试难度中等。
2. 整体分析：涉及科学生物类类（P1）、历史环境类（P2）、科研类（P3）。
本次考试所选三篇文章为旧题（V20130921），三篇文章涉及面比较广，所以要求学生对不同话题词汇掌握要求较高，如果学生有相关背景知识会对文章理解有帮助，P3还涉及到了大家熟悉的美剧《Lie to me》的相关内容，贴合生活。
3. 主要题型：本次考试题型分布平均，是非无判断在每篇文章都有出现，配对题数量合理，整体细节题占主要部分，考生也容易上手。
4. 文章分析：篇文章是生物类话题文章，主要讲述对蝴蝶翅膀花纹研究以及探究蝴蝶飞行在特定高度的原因，同时拓展了相关的应用。
第二篇文章是历史类话题，讲述了1991年英国smog事件造成的死亡以及原因。此篇文章偏难，考生在配对题上可能会消耗大量时间。
第三篇是文化科研类话题文章，主要是一个对facial expression的研究，以及对于美剧Lie to me之间的联系和关系。剧中人物原型是微表情学的创始人。
5. 部分答案及参考文章：
Passage 1：
题型：True/False/Not Given+单选+段落信息配对
相关参考文章：
A
THERE’S no animal that symbolises rainforest diversity quite as spectacularlyas the tropical butterfly. Anyone lucky enough to see these creatures flitting between patches of sunlight cannot fail to be impressed by the variety of theirpatterns. But why do they display such colourful exuberance? Until recently,this was almost as pertinent a question as it had been when the 19th-centurynaturalists, armed only with butterfly nets and insatiable curiosity, battledthrough the rainforests. These early explorers soon realised that although some of the butterflies’ bright colours are there to attract a mate, others arewarning signals. They send out a message to any predators: “Keep off, we’repoisonous.” And because wearing certain patterns affords protection, other species copy them. Biologists use the term “mimicry rings” for these clustersof impostors and their evolutionary idol.
B
But here’s the conundrum. “Classical mimicry theory says that only a singlering should be found in any one area,” explains George Beccaloni of theNatural History Museum, London. The idea is that in each locality there should
be just the one pattern that best protects its wearers. Predators would quickly learn to avoid it and eventually all mimetic species in a region should convergeupon it. “The fact that this is patently not the case has been one of the major problems in mimicry research,” says Beccaloni. In pursuit of a solution to themystery of mimetic exuberance, Beccaloni set off for one of the megacentres for butterfly diversity, the point where the western edge of the Amazon basin meets the foothills of the Andes in Ecuador. “It’s exceptionally rich, but comparatively well collected, so I pretty much knew what was there, says Beccaloni.” The trick was to work out how all the butterflies were organised and how this related to mimicry.”
C
Working at the Jatun Sacha Biological Research Station on the banks ofthe Rio Napo, Beccaloni focused his attention on a group of butterfliescalled ithomiines. These distant relatives of Britain’s Camberwell Beautyare abundant throughout Central and South America and the Caribbean.They are famous for their bright colours, toxic bodies and complex mimetic relationships. “They can comprise up to 85 per cent of the individuals in amimicry ring and their patterns are mimicked not just by butterflies, but by other insects as diverse as damselflies and true bugs,” says Philip DeVries of the Milwaukee Public Museum’s Center for Biodiversity Studies.
D
Even though all ithomiines are poisonous, it is in their interests to evolveto look like one another because predators that learn to avoid one specieswill also avoid others that resemble it. This is known as Miillerian mimicry.Mimicry rings may also contain insects that are not toxic, but gain protectionby looking likes a model species that is: an adaptation called Batesian mimicry.So strong is an experienced predator’s avoidance response that even quiteinept resemblance gives some protection. “Often there will be a whole seriesof species that mimic, with varying degrees of verisimilitude, a focal or modelspecies,” says John Turner from the University of Leeds. “The results of these
deceptions are some of the most exquisite examples of evolution known toscience.” In addition to colour, many mimics copy behaviours and even the flight pattern of their model species.
E
But why are there so many different mimicry rings? One idea is that specie sflying at the same height in the forest canopy evolve to look like one another.“It had been suggested since the 1970s that mimicry complexes were stratified by flight height,” says DeVries. The idea is that wing colour patterns are camouflaged against the different patterns of light and shadow at each level in the canopy, providing a first line of defence against predators.” But the light patterns and wing patterns don’t match very well,” he says. And observations show that the insects do not shift in height as the day progresses and the lightpatterns change. Worse still, according to DeVries, this theory doesn’t explain why the model species is flying at that particular height in the first place.
F
“When I first went out to Ecuador, I didn’t believe the flight height hypothesis and set out to test it,” says Beccaloni.”A few weeks with the collecting net convinced me otherwise. They really flew that way.” What he didn’t accept,however, was the explanation about light patterns. “I thought, if this idea really is true, and I can work out why, it could help explain why there are so many different warning patterns in any one place. Then we might finally understand how they could evolve in such a complex way.” The job was complicated by he sheer diversity of species involved at Jatun Sacha. Not only were there 56ithomiine butterfly species divided among eight mimicry rings, there were also69 other insect species, including 34 day-flying moths and a damselfly, all in a
200-hectare study area. Like many entomologists before him, Beccaloni used a large bag-like net to capture his prey. This allowed him to sample the 2.5metres immediately above the forest floor. Unlike many previous workers, he kept very precise notes on exactly where he caught his specimens.
G
The attention to detail paid off. Beccaloni found that the mimicry rings were flying at two quite separate altitudes. “Their use of the forest was quite distinctive,” he recalls. “For example, most members of the clear-winged mimicry ring would fly close to the forest floor, while the majority of the 12species in the tiger-winged ring fly high up.” Each mimicry ring had its own characteristic flight height.
H
However, this being practice rather than theory, things were a bit fuzzy. “They’d spend the majority of their time flying at a certain height. But they’d also spend a smaller proportion of their time flying at other heights,” Beccalo i admits. Species weren’t stacked rigidly like passenger jets waiting to land, but they did appear to have a preferred airspace in the forest. So far, so good, bu the still hadn’t explained what causes the various groups of ithomiines and their chromatic consorts to fly in formations at these particular heights.
I
Then Beccaloni had a bright idea. “I started looking at the distribution ofithomiine larval food plants within the canopy,” he says. “For each one I’d record the height to which the host plant grew and the height above the ground at which the eggs or larvae were found. Once I got them back to the field station’s lab, it was just a matter of keeping them alive until they pupated and then hatched into adults which I could identify.”
技巧分析：判断和配对题是经典的搭配，前者相比之下稍微容易，是应该把握分数之处。段落细节配对难度较大，建议考生放在本篇文章所有题型的 后去做。做时注意切不可逐题去原文整篇文章搜寻答案，这样会导致文章来来回回看很多遍，耗时太长。
1. 划出所有题目的keywords, 同时考虑到有可能出现近义替换的词，有针对性的去原文寻找答案。比如：看到be conscious of立刻想到雅思高频近义替换是be aware of„, 看到reproduce想到copy。
2. 某些题目可以对题目进行细致的分析。平时通过精读多多熟悉文章结构安排，了解行文模式。
3. 做题时以文章为基准，每看一段，浏览题目中的keywords是否与其相关。
参考真题：剑4-1-1 剑7-3-3 剑5-2-1
Passage 2：
题型：summary+是非无判断+人名观点配对
技巧分析：本篇文章人名观点配对题量较大，耗时较长，我们可以一起回顾下此类题型做题方法：
1. 阅读所有题目，划出关键词
关键词就是能 大限度上概括整个句子的单词或短语，步划出关键词，在短时间内将所有的题目进行高度的浓缩，符合人类短期记忆的规律。
2. 通读所有段落，依次寻找答案
因为每段都会有答案，因此现在所需要做的事情就是到每段去找答案。要注意在选出信息后，要在选出的段落上做上记号，以免浪费时间。
参考真题：剑6 Test1 剑7 Test 1
Passage 3：
题型：是非无判断+Summary+选择题
相关参考文章：
The Art of Deceptionis a book by Kevin that covers the art of social engineering. Part of the book is composed of real stories, and examples of how social engineering can be combined with hacking. All, or nearly all, of the examples are fictional, but quite plausible. They expose the ease with which a skilled social engineer can subvert many rules most people take for granted. A few examples: A person gets out of a speeding ticket by fooling the police into revealing a time when the arresting officer will be out of town, and then requesting a court date coinciding with that time. A person gains access to a company's internal computer system, guarded by a password that changes daily, by waiting for a snowstorm and then calling the network center posing as a snowed-in employee who wants to work from home, tricking the operator into revealing today's password and access through duplicity A person gains lots of proprietary information about a start-up company by waiting until the CEO is out of town, and then showing up at the company headquarters pretending to be a close friend and business associate of the CEO. A person gains access to a restricted area by approaching the door carrying a large box of books, and relying on people's propensity to hold the door open for others in that situation. This book also, after giving an example, will tell what tricked/conned the victims of the scam, and how to prevent it in real life or business. The book ends with Mitnick's strategy and business plans to prevent most if not all of the scams in the book.
参考真题：剑6 Test 2 剑6 Test 4
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