雅思考试大作文的评分标准Task Response里提出了三点要求: 1. addresses all parts of the task; 2. presents a position; 3. presents, extends and supports mainideas. 对这三项完成情况的不同决定了不同的分数。在考生写作时,完成题目所有要求和有明确的立场(即文章要以题干所提供的话题或观点为依据,覆盖双方观点或就利弊展开讨论,提出自己倾向的观点)并不难,但是如何展开自己的mainideas,并且符合relevant, fully extended and well supported这三个要求时,很多学生就感觉无从下笔了。 展开观点的方法叫做论证方法,下面,就给大家介绍几种方法,可供参考。 一、解释: 将一个观点进行解释有三个方法: (1) if…will/would (2) without …will/would (3) in other words 1: 正面论证 if…will/would Advocates of this believe that today’s sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions mean that physical activity is no longer part of either our work or our leisure time. If there were easy-to-reach local sports centres, we would be more likely to make exercise a regular part of our lives, rather than just collapsing in front of a screen every evening. (C9 T3) 考官范文 中给出的观点是:如今终日伏案的生活方式和紧张的工作环境使体育活动从我们的工作和休闲生活中消失。由于本段是写Advocates的观点,即增加体育设 施对提高公众健康有好处,所以观点之后紧跟着有进一步的解释:如果当地有近便的体育活动中心,那么我们就很有可能将体育运动作为生活的一部分,而不是每晚 都瘫坐在屏幕前。 正面论证像是对观点所产生结果的进一步列举,比如谈到出国的好处:出国可以提高语言水平,如果一个人出国,他会与nativespeaker直接接触,从而有了多面对面练习语言的机会。 2:反面论证 without … will/would Good musicians or artists and exceptional sports stars have probably succeeded because of both good training and natural talent. Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive, and without the training, the child would not learn how to exploit and develop their talent. (C7 T1) 范文中观点是:杰出的音乐家,艺术家和体育名星的成功是训练和天赋的结合。作者用了两个without从反面进行解释论证:没有天赋,连续训练可能既乏味又没有效果;没有训练,孩子们就不知道如何开发利用他们的才能。 反面论证是从“如果没有...”这个角度去扩充思路。比如说到政府与环境的话题:政府应该加大对污染企业的监管,如果没有政府的监督和管理,那些污染企业就可以在排放污染的同时获利,并且逃脱惩罚,这样对社会和环境治理都是极其不利的。 3:解释 in other words 解释并不是把一句话换几个同义词再写一遍,这个看似简单的短语前后有着很大的奥妙,看看考官是如何利用这个方法的。 Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.). (C4 T2) 作者认为要获得幸福的一个重要的因素是:to keep clear perspectives inlife。这是一个很抽象的概念,如何做到这一点呢?范文中用了by that Imean来做进一步解释:也就是要知道生命中什么是重要的什么是不重要的。这是一个从抽象到具体的解释。 再如: …They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardless of price, and to behave as they please. This means that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from. (C4 T4) This means that前面的内容是由于出生率降低,孩子们被宠坏的具体表现,后面讲他们在成长的过程中很少为他人考虑,也从来不思考他们的幸福生活是从何而来。这是一个从具体到抽象的总结。 类似的短语还有: It means That is to say In other words To put it another way By that I mean 二、列数据 句型: As is reported/ investigated/ researched, … It is reported that … A recent research conducted by …Bureau reveals that… 列数据的写作方法较讲道理有说服力,但是这就需要我们在平时生活中多做积累才能应付列举考试中出现的各个话题的一些相关数字。 雅思考试中的数据其实可以分成两大类,一类是有科学依据的,明确记载的数据,如一些新闻事件,四川地灾、公交车自燃等的死亡或受伤人数,这些都是询的,如若考生对这些数据没有切实的把握就不需列举。 另一类是指一些调查报告的数据,如大学生平均一天花多少时间自习,初中生平均一天花多少时间玩电脑游戏 等,这类数据无据可依,考生完全可以自己根据论证内容给出数据,但一定要符合逻辑。 我们通过一例来使用列数据的雅思写作方法: Eg.The retired people tend to offer service for the benefits of the family and the community. 要对这样一个topic sentence做列数据的扩展,我们首先要找到可列数据的点,此题有两处,一是退休老人的年龄,二是所花时间。 结合上述句型,得出论证过程如下: As is reported, the average time that the retired within the age group above 65 spend on the family and the community is at its length of about 5 hours per day. 三、比较 在雅思大作文的写作中,考生可以拿相同或相反的事物做比较,相同关系叫对照,相反关系叫对比。 此类论证我们重点掌握一些对比对照关系的连词: In contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas;Likewise, similarly 四、引用 在雅思大作文写作论证的过程中,表达一些观点的时候,如果能拿名人名言来进行论证则有说服力,说明某位名人的观点和你的观点是达成一致,形成共鸣的。 但引用要求考生要有相当大的积累,由于备考时间紧迫,此类论证可以少用。此外,提醒考生要紧记,引用名人名言就意味着引用别人的观点,所以只要引两到三句起到论证自己观点的作用的话就可以了,点到为止,而不是中文写作中,引用越多越好。 五、让步 让步的论证是中国考生较陌生的一个概念,其实在学状语从句时,我们就学过让步的关系,先退一步承认一个与自己观点相反的事实,再转折给出自己的观点,否定前者。 句型如下: Although/ though/ in spite of the fact that … As is granted/ Admittedly, … Opponents would argue that … 让步这种方法的优点为能较全面的看待一个问题,而且反驳能有的放矢。具体例子如下: Eg. People don not believe that saving money is a good idea in modern society. 这个Topic sentence的观点很明确,存钱在当代社会不是好主意,显然,用让步论证的话,我们要先承认存钱的优点,再根据所列有点进行反驳。 As is granted, saving money offers people a sense of security in case of emergency. However, people tend to believe that wise investment can get more profit (责任编辑:admin) |